Impact of delay in cystoscopic surveillance on recurrence and progression rates in patients with non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer during the covıd‐19 pandemic
INTRODUCTION
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers, especially in men, with an estimated 81 400 new patients and 17 980 deaths in 2020 in the United States.1 In newly diagnosed patients with BC, approximately 75% of patients have non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) (Ta, T1 or carcinoma in situ [CIS]).2 Despite lower morbidity and mortality rates compared with muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), NMIBC has a high probability of recurrence and progression. It is known that NMIBC has up to 78% recurrence rate and 45% progression rate at the 5‐year follow‐up.3 After transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (TUR‐BT) and histological diagnosis, risk‐group stratification must be done, and surveillance or treatment modalities must be decided for each risk group.4
After complete resection of the bladder tumour, risk‐group stratification, and, if necessary, appropriate intravesical therapy, patients must undergo an established surveillance schedule with cystoscopy. According to the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines, primary, solitary, Ta, low‐grade and p>
Despite widespread usage, these suggestions are based mostly on expert opinion and not on a great amount of evidence. A previous study reported that the adjusted frequency of follow‐up cystoscopies ranged from 4.6 to 6.0 over 2 years per high‐risk NMIBC patient in the United States.6 This study showed that many of the patients with high‐risk NMIBC underwent fewer cystoscopies than suggested. Actually, it is not known how much a delay in cystoscopy surveillance will adversely affect oncological results.
Since early 2020, the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID‐19) has been spreading all over the world, and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020. COVID‐19 has had a devastating effect on healthcare systems. Many changes had to be taken in the provision of healthcare services because of the medical and economic burden that COVID‐19 brought to the healthcare system. Many medical doctors had to take part in the deva of patients with COVID‐19, not their specialty, and delays were experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases other than COVID‐19, including cancer. All healthcare institutions and healthcare workers focused on the pandemic and patients with COVID‐19. As a result of this situation, many patients with NMIBC could not undergo a follow‐up cystoscopy on time, and serious delays were experienced.
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of delay in cystoscopic surveillance on recurrence and progression rates after TUR‐BT.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This observational prospective cohort study was conducted between June–September 2020, after institutional ethical committee approval. Informed consent was obtained from all patients when they were enrolled. Patients with NMIBC who applied for follow‐up cystoscopy after the pandemic restrictions were lifted were included in our study. Patients with MIBC, no history of bladder tumour diagnosis, incomplete resection at previous TUR‐BT and unknown bladder tumour pathology results before or after the follow‐up cystoscopy were excluded from the study. A total of 407 patients from four high‐volume centres were included in our study.
Patients with NMIBC who had applied for follow‐up cystoscopy underwent the procedure with rigid or flexible cystoscope under local or general anaesthesia. The EAU surveillance schedule described above was used for timing the follow‐up cystoscopies. TUR‐BT was recommended for patients with tumours detected on follow‐up cystoscopy. Patients’ demographic characteristics such as age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), smoking status, previous tumour characteristics, such as the number of recurrences, highest TUR‐BT stage, grade, presence of CIS, EAU risk group, and intravesical therapy were recorded. Delays starting from the date of planned cystoscopy according to the EAU risk classification and EAU surveillance schedule were noted as “cystoscopy delay time.” The presence of a tumour in follow‐up cystoscopy was defined as “recurrence.” If a recurrence was detected, the pathological characteristics of sequential TUR‐BT were noted. Our primary outcomes were tumour recurrences and progression detected by follow‐up cystoscopy. Any advancement in grade (low to high grade) or stage (Ta to T1 or any T2) in TUR‐BT, which was performed after the follow‐up cystoscopy, was accepted as “progression.” Tumour stage and grade were assessed according to the 2017 Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) classification and 2004/2016 WHO grading system, respectively.
SPSS v.21 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, VİLAYET, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Kolmogorov Smirnov and Shapiro‐Wilk tests were used to assess normality. Results were presented using median (25th‐75th percentile) for continuous variables and frequency and percentage for categorical variables. Comparisons of the groups for continuous variables were performed by Mann–Whitney U‐test. χ 2‐test or Fisher’s exact test was used to analyse categorical variables, where appropriate. Cystoscopy delay time cut‐offs for recurrence and progression were assessed by using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed by using the possible factors identified with univariate analyses (P values ≤ .2). To avoid possible multicollinearity, only one of the highly correlated variables, the one with a high contribution to the model, was included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results were presented as Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI). Significance level was accepted as P < .05.
RESULTS
A total of 407 patients with NMIBC, 348 (85.5%) men and 59 (14.5%) women, were included in our study. The median age of the patients was 65 years, and CCI was 5. A total of 100 (24.6%) patients were non‐smokers, 241 (59.2%) were past smokers and 66 (16.2%) were active smokers. According to EAU risk group stratification, 71 (17.4%) patients were classified as low risk, 103 (25.3%) as intermediate risk and 233 (57.2%) as high risk. Patients’ previous tumour characteristics are shown in Table 1. A total of 105 (25.8%) patients have had tumour recurrence on follow‐up cystoscopy, and 20 (5.1%) patients have had tumour progression on subsequent TUR‐BT.
Sex of the participants was comparable between the two groups with or without recurrence. In univariate analysis, there was a significant difference in age (P = .047), CCI (P = .016), number of recurrences (P < .001), follow‐up cystoscopy delay time (P < .001), highest CİNS T stage (P = .041) and EAU risk group (P = .003) between the groups with and without recurrence on follow‐up cystoscopy (Table 1). Cystoscopy delay time cut‐offs for recurrence were determined as 62 days and 147 days by using ROC analysis. In multivariate analysis, number of recurrences (adjusted OR:1.307; 95% CI: 1.133‐1.508; P < .001) and cystoscopy delay time (reference P = .002) (>147 days; adjusted OR: 4.883; 95% CI: 2.476‐9.629; P < .001) were independent risk factors of tumour recurrence on follow‐up cystoscopy (Table 2). In subgroup analysis according to EAU risk group stratification, cystoscopy delay time was an independent predictor of tumour recurrence on follow‐up cystoscopy in all three risk group patients. For intermediate‐ and high‐risk tumours, the number of recurrences was also an independent risk factor for tumour recurrences (Table 3).
Age, sex and CCI were comparable between the two groups with or without progression. In univariate analysis, there was a significant difference in number of recurrences (P < .001), follow‐up cystoscopy delay time (P < .001) and highest TIP grade (P = .020) and EAU risk group (P = .024) between the groups with and without tumour progression (Table 1). Cystoscopy delay time cut‐offs for progression were determined as 40 days and 90 days by using ROC analysis. In multivariate analysis, number of recurrences (adjusted OR: 1.255; 95% CI: 1.031‐1.529; P = .024) and cystoscopy delay time (reference 90 days; adjusted OR:6.704; 95% CI: 1.973‐22.780; P = .002) were independent risk factors of tumour progression (Table 4).
Age, sex and CCI were comparable between the two groups with or without progression. In univariate analysis, there was a significant difference in number of recurrences (P < .001), follow‐up cystoscopy delay time (P < .001) and highest TIP grade (P = .020) and EAU risk group (P = .024) between the groups with and without tumour progression (Table 1). Cystoscopy delay time cut‐offs for progression were determined as 40 days and 90 days by using ROC analysis. In multivariate analysis, number of recurrences (adjusted OR: 1.255; 95% CI: 1.031‐1.529; P = .024) and cystoscopy delay time (reference 90 days; adjusted OR:6.704; 95% CI: 1.973‐22.780; P = .002) were independent risk factors of tumour progression (Table 4).
CONCLUSIONS
In our analysis, it is demonstrated that a 2‐5 months of delay in follow‐up cystoscopy increases the risk of recurrence by 2.4‐fold, and delay in cystoscopy for more than 3 months increases the probability of progression by 6.7‐fold. As a consequence of these findings, we suggest that cystoscopic surveillance for NMIBC should be done in as timely a manner as possible according to the relevant guidelines during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
DISCLOSURES
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
DISCLOSURES
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
REFERENCES
1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70:7‐30.
2. Burger M, Catto JWF, Dalbagni G, et al. Platinum priority—review—bladder cancer epidemiology and risk factors of urothelial bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2013;63:234‐241.
3. Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden APM , Oosterlinck W, et al. Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur Urol. 2006;49:466‐477.
4. Soukup V, Čapoun O, Cohen D, et al. Risk stratification tools and prognostic models in non–muscle‐invasive bladder cancer: a critical assessment from the European Association of Urology Non‐muscle‐invasive Bladder Cancer Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol Focus. 2020;6:479‐489.
5. EAU Guidelines . Edn. presented at the EAU Annual Congress Amsterdam; 2020.
6. Schroeck FR, Lynch KE, Chang JW, et al. Extent of risk‐aligned surveillance for cancer recurrence among patients with early‐stage bladder cancer. JAMA Netw open. 2018;1:1‐12.
7. Wallis CJD, Novara G, Marandino L, et al. Risks from deferring treatment for genitourinary cancers: a collaborative review to aid triage and management during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Eur Urol. 2020;78:29‐42.
8. Tachibana I, Ferguson EL, Mahenthiran A, et al. Delaying cancer cases in urology during COVID‐19: review of the literature. J Urol. 2013;10:1‐13.
9. Marcq G, Hénon F, Ouzaid I, Fantoni JC, Hermieu JF, Xylinas E. Active surveillance for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer. Transl Androl Urol. 2019;8:54‐60.
10. Hernández V, Llorente C, de la Peña E , Pérez‐Fernández E, Guijarro A, Sola I. Long‐term oncological outcomes of an active surveillance program in recurrent low grade Ta bladder cancer. Urol Oncol. 2016;34:165.e19‐165.e23. 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.11.005
11. Hurle R, Pasini L, Lazzeri M, et al. Active surveillance for low‐risk Non‐Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC): a confirmatory and resource consumption study from Bladder cancer Italian Active Surveillance (BIAS) project. J Urol. 2018;192:401‐406.
12. Amparore D, Campi R, Checcucci E, et al. Forecasting the future of urology practice: a comprehensive review of the recommendations by International and European Associations on priority procedures during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Euro Urol Focus. 2020;6:1032‐1048. 10.1016/j.euf.2020.05.007
13. Rezaee ME, Lynch KE, Li Z, et al. The impact of low‐ versus high‐intensity surveillance cystoscopy on surgical deva and cancer outcomes in patients with high‐risk non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). PLoS One. 2020;15:1‐13. 10.1371/journal.pone.0230417
14. Wallace DMA, Bryan RT, Dunn JA, Begum G, Bathers S. Delay and survival in bladder cancer. BJU Int. 2002;89:868‐878.
15. Ngo B, Papa N, Perera M, Bolton D, Sengupta S. Predictors of delay to cystoscopy and adequacy of investigations in patients with haematuria. BJU Int. 2017;119:19‐25.
Alıntıdır
INTRODUCTION
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers, especially in men, with an estimated 81 400 new patients and 17 980 deaths in 2020 in the United States.1 In newly diagnosed patients with BC, approximately 75% of patients have non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) (Ta, T1 or carcinoma in situ [CIS]).2 Despite lower morbidity and mortality rates compared with muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), NMIBC has a high probability of recurrence and progression. It is known that NMIBC has up to 78% recurrence rate and 45% progression rate at the 5‐year follow‐up.3 After transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (TUR‐BT) and histological diagnosis, risk‐group stratification must be done, and surveillance or treatment modalities must be decided for each risk group.4
After complete resection of the bladder tumour, risk‐group stratification, and, if necessary, appropriate intravesical therapy, patients must undergo an established surveillance schedule with cystoscopy. According to the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines, primary, solitary, Ta, low‐grade and p>
Despite widespread usage, these suggestions are based mostly on expert opinion and not on a great amount of evidence. A previous study reported that the adjusted frequency of follow‐up cystoscopies ranged from 4.6 to 6.0 over 2 years per high‐risk NMIBC patient in the United States.6 This study showed that many of the patients with high‐risk NMIBC underwent fewer cystoscopies than suggested. Actually, it is not known how much a delay in cystoscopy surveillance will adversely affect oncological results.
Since early 2020, the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID‐19) has been spreading all over the world, and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020. COVID‐19 has had a devastating effect on healthcare systems. Many changes had to be taken in the provision of healthcare services because of the medical and economic burden that COVID‐19 brought to the healthcare system. Many medical doctors had to take part in the deva of patients with COVID‐19, not their specialty, and delays were experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases other than COVID‐19, including cancer. All healthcare institutions and healthcare workers focused on the pandemic and patients with COVID‐19. As a result of this situation, many patients with NMIBC could not undergo a follow‐up cystoscopy on time, and serious delays were experienced.
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of delay in cystoscopic surveillance on recurrence and progression rates after TUR‐BT.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This observational prospective cohort study was conducted between June–September 2020, after institutional ethical committee approval. Informed consent was obtained from all patients when they were enrolled. Patients with NMIBC who applied for follow‐up cystoscopy after the pandemic restrictions were lifted were included in our study. Patients with MIBC, no history of bladder tumour diagnosis, incomplete resection at previous TUR‐BT and unknown bladder tumour pathology results before or after the follow‐up cystoscopy were excluded from the study. A total of 407 patients from four high‐volume centres were included in our study.
Patients with NMIBC who had applied for follow‐up cystoscopy underwent the procedure with rigid or flexible cystoscope under local or general anaesthesia. The EAU surveillance schedule described above was used for timing the follow‐up cystoscopies. TUR‐BT was recommended for patients with tumours detected on follow‐up cystoscopy. Patients’ demographic characteristics such as age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), smoking status, previous tumour characteristics, such as the number of recurrences, highest TUR‐BT stage, grade, presence of CIS, EAU risk group, and intravesical therapy were recorded. Delays starting from the date of planned cystoscopy according to the EAU risk classification and EAU surveillance schedule were noted as “cystoscopy delay time.” The presence of a tumour in follow‐up cystoscopy was defined as “recurrence.” If a recurrence was detected, the pathological characteristics of sequential TUR‐BT were noted. Our primary outcomes were tumour recurrences and progression detected by follow‐up cystoscopy. Any advancement in grade (low to high grade) or stage (Ta to T1 or any T2) in TUR‐BT, which was performed after the follow‐up cystoscopy, was accepted as “progression.” Tumour stage and grade were assessed according to the 2017 Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) classification and 2004/2016 WHO grading system, respectively.
SPSS v.21 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, VİLAYET, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Kolmogorov Smirnov and Shapiro‐Wilk tests were used to assess normality. Results were presented using median (25th‐75th percentile) for continuous variables and frequency and percentage for categorical variables. Comparisons of the groups for continuous variables were performed by Mann–Whitney U‐test. χ 2‐test or Fisher’s exact test was used to analyse categorical variables, where appropriate. Cystoscopy delay time cut‐offs for recurrence and progression were assessed by using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed by using the possible factors identified with univariate analyses (P values ≤ .2). To avoid possible multicollinearity, only one of the highly correlated variables, the one with a high contribution to the model, was included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results were presented as Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI). Significance level was accepted as P < .05.
RESULTS
A total of 407 patients with NMIBC, 348 (85.5%) men and 59 (14.5%) women, were included in our study. The median age of the patients was 65 years, and CCI was 5. A total of 100 (24.6%) patients were non‐smokers, 241 (59.2%) were past smokers and 66 (16.2%) were active smokers. According to EAU risk group stratification, 71 (17.4%) patients were classified as low risk, 103 (25.3%) as intermediate risk and 233 (57.2%) as high risk. Patients’ previous tumour characteristics are shown in Table 1. A total of 105 (25.8%) patients have had tumour recurrence on follow‐up cystoscopy, and 20 (5.1%) patients have had tumour progression on subsequent TUR‐BT.
Sex of the participants was comparable between the two groups with or without recurrence. In univariate analysis, there was a significant difference in age (P = .047), CCI (P = .016), number of recurrences (P < .001), follow‐up cystoscopy delay time (P < .001), highest CİNS T stage (P = .041) and EAU risk group (P = .003) between the groups with and without recurrence on follow‐up cystoscopy (Table 1). Cystoscopy delay time cut‐offs for recurrence were determined as 62 days and 147 days by using ROC analysis. In multivariate analysis, number of recurrences (adjusted OR:1.307; 95% CI: 1.133‐1.508; P < .001) and cystoscopy delay time (reference P = .002) (>147 days; adjusted OR: 4.883; 95% CI: 2.476‐9.629; P < .001) were independent risk factors of tumour recurrence on follow‐up cystoscopy (Table 2). In subgroup analysis according to EAU risk group stratification, cystoscopy delay time was an independent predictor of tumour recurrence on follow‐up cystoscopy in all three risk group patients. For intermediate‐ and high‐risk tumours, the number of recurrences was also an independent risk factor for tumour recurrences (Table 3).
Age, sex and CCI were comparable between the two groups with or without progression. In univariate analysis, there was a significant difference in number of recurrences (P < .001), follow‐up cystoscopy delay time (P < .001) and highest TIP grade (P = .020) and EAU risk group (P = .024) between the groups with and without tumour progression (Table 1). Cystoscopy delay time cut‐offs for progression were determined as 40 days and 90 days by using ROC analysis. In multivariate analysis, number of recurrences (adjusted OR: 1.255; 95% CI: 1.031‐1.529; P = .024) and cystoscopy delay time (reference 90 days; adjusted OR:6.704; 95% CI: 1.973‐22.780; P = .002) were independent risk factors of tumour progression (Table 4).
Age, sex and CCI were comparable between the two groups with or without progression. In univariate analysis, there was a significant difference in number of recurrences (P < .001), follow‐up cystoscopy delay time (P < .001) and highest TIP grade (P = .020) and EAU risk group (P = .024) between the groups with and without tumour progression (Table 1). Cystoscopy delay time cut‐offs for progression were determined as 40 days and 90 days by using ROC analysis. In multivariate analysis, number of recurrences (adjusted OR: 1.255; 95% CI: 1.031‐1.529; P = .024) and cystoscopy delay time (reference 90 days; adjusted OR:6.704; 95% CI: 1.973‐22.780; P = .002) were independent risk factors of tumour progression (Table 4).
CONCLUSIONS
In our analysis, it is demonstrated that a 2‐5 months of delay in follow‐up cystoscopy increases the risk of recurrence by 2.4‐fold, and delay in cystoscopy for more than 3 months increases the probability of progression by 6.7‐fold. As a consequence of these findings, we suggest that cystoscopic surveillance for NMIBC should be done in as timely a manner as possible according to the relevant guidelines during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
DISCLOSURES
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
DISCLOSURES
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
REFERENCES
1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70:7‐30.
2. Burger M, Catto JWF, Dalbagni G, et al. Platinum priority—review—bladder cancer epidemiology and risk factors of urothelial bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2013;63:234‐241.
3. Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden APM , Oosterlinck W, et al. Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur Urol. 2006;49:466‐477.
4. Soukup V, Čapoun O, Cohen D, et al. Risk stratification tools and prognostic models in non–muscle‐invasive bladder cancer: a critical assessment from the European Association of Urology Non‐muscle‐invasive Bladder Cancer Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol Focus. 2020;6:479‐489.
5. EAU Guidelines . Edn. presented at the EAU Annual Congress Amsterdam; 2020.
6. Schroeck FR, Lynch KE, Chang JW, et al. Extent of risk‐aligned surveillance for cancer recurrence among patients with early‐stage bladder cancer. JAMA Netw open. 2018;1:1‐12.
7. Wallis CJD, Novara G, Marandino L, et al. Risks from deferring treatment for genitourinary cancers: a collaborative review to aid triage and management during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Eur Urol. 2020;78:29‐42.
8. Tachibana I, Ferguson EL, Mahenthiran A, et al. Delaying cancer cases in urology during COVID‐19: review of the literature. J Urol. 2013;10:1‐13.
9. Marcq G, Hénon F, Ouzaid I, Fantoni JC, Hermieu JF, Xylinas E. Active surveillance for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer. Transl Androl Urol. 2019;8:54‐60.
10. Hernández V, Llorente C, de la Peña E , Pérez‐Fernández E, Guijarro A, Sola I. Long‐term oncological outcomes of an active surveillance program in recurrent low grade Ta bladder cancer. Urol Oncol. 2016;34:165.e19‐165.e23. 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.11.005
11. Hurle R, Pasini L, Lazzeri M, et al. Active surveillance for low‐risk Non‐Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC): a confirmatory and resource consumption study from Bladder cancer Italian Active Surveillance (BIAS) project. J Urol. 2018;192:401‐406.
12. Amparore D, Campi R, Checcucci E, et al. Forecasting the future of urology practice: a comprehensive review of the recommendations by International and European Associations on priority procedures during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Euro Urol Focus. 2020;6:1032‐1048. 10.1016/j.euf.2020.05.007
13. Rezaee ME, Lynch KE, Li Z, et al. The impact of low‐ versus high‐intensity surveillance cystoscopy on surgical deva and cancer outcomes in patients with high‐risk non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). PLoS One. 2020;15:1‐13. 10.1371/journal.pone.0230417
14. Wallace DMA, Bryan RT, Dunn JA, Begum G, Bathers S. Delay and survival in bladder cancer. BJU Int. 2002;89:868‐878.
15. Ngo B, Papa N, Perera M, Bolton D, Sengupta S. Predictors of delay to cystoscopy and adequacy of investigations in patients with haematuria. BJU Int. 2017;119:19‐25.
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